Time of Day as a Biological Variable in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease Research
Updated: August 20, 2026
- Time-of-day is a fundamental biological variable that needs to be considered in preclinical and clinical research as well as clinical practice.
- Proper experimental design requires deliberate timing of measurements and transparent reporting in order to strengthen rigor and reproducibility.
- Lack of awareness and lack of standardized circadian metrics are major barriers to progress in understanding fundamental mechanisms of physiology and pathophysiology.
Recommended Reading
- Role of Circadian Health in Cardiometabolic Health and Disease Risk
- Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans
- Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic Health
- Life's Essential Eight: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association's Cardiovascular Health Construct
- Multidimensional Sleep Health Definitions and Implications for Cardiometabolic Health